4. 现在分词完成式的被动语态。由"having been+过去分词"构成。如：

Having been invited to speak， I'll start making preparations tomorrow.

因为邀请我去讲话，我明天就得做准备。

The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。

5. 动名词一般式的被动语态。由"being+过去分词"构成。如：

She likes being looked at. 她喜欢被人瞧。

He hates being made a fool of. 他讨厌被别人愚弄。

This question is far from being settled. 这个问题远没解决。

6. 动名词完成式的被动语态。由"having been+过去分词"构成。如：

Jenny's not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret.

杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。

After having been instructed to drive out of town， I began to acquire confidence.

在接到把车开出城的指令后，我开始信心十足了。

注意：过去分词没有被动式，因为它本身可以表示被动意义。如：

The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。

例1. (2013·上海高考) The school board is made up of parents who ________ to make decisions about school affairs.

A． had been elected

B．had elected

C．have been elected

D．have elected

解析：句意： "这个学校董事会是由已经当选，并为学校事务做决定的父母组成的"。父母是被选上，用被动语态，排除选项B，D。再根据关键信息is made up of用的是现在时，可知选举一事对现在有影响，所以用现在完成时。

答案：C。

例 2. (2015·天津高考) Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement______ so far by the two sides.

A. has been reached

B. was reached

C. will reach

D. will have reached

解析：句意：：尽管之前多轮谈判，但到目前为止双方没有达成任何协议。根据句中的时间状语so far"到目前为止"可知用现在完成时。主语agreement与reach为被动关系，根据句意可知选A。

答案：A。

例3. (2015·湖南高考) I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but ______ thankfully by the shop windows.

A. am held back

B. held back

C. hold back

D. was held back

解析：句意：我有一种强烈的欲望，想伸手进去那个玩具玩，但幸亏我被商店橱窗阻挡了。句子中的主语I与hold back 是被动关系，需用被动语态; 再根据句中的had 可知用一般过去时。

答案：D。

例4. He asked me ______ with me.