D．Touching the side of a dog's face or under the chin.

　　解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，抚摸狗的侧脸或者下巴下面的部位是恰当的，对狗来说不是侵犯性的举动。

　　2．Calming signals among dogs can ________.

　　A．help avoid or end conflict

　　B．make dogs sympathetic to each other

　　C．help dogs understand different gestures

　　D．help dogs make friends with other dogs

　　解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知，在狗与狗的交流中，calming signals主要用来避免或终止冲突。

　　3．When a dog yawns, it ________.

　　A．feels relaxed　　　　　　　 　B．wants to play

　　C．needs a break D．wants to sleep

　　解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，狗打哈欠时想传达的信息是：它需要休息一下。

　　4．What will your dog do if it doesn't know what you want to express?

　　A．Bump its hip or butt.

　　B．Cock its head from side to side.

　　C．Refuse to look in your direction.

　　D．Turn the head to avoid eye contact.

　　解析：选B　细节理解题。根据最后一段的内容可知，当狗没有明白别人的意思时，它会仰着头左右晃动。

　　B

　　In the early 1970s, David McNeill, a psychology professor at the University of Chicago, was giving a talk in a Paris lecture hall when something queer caught his eye. There was a woman in the back of the room moving her arms in a way that seemed to convey exactly what he was saying. It took him a moment to realize that she was speaking, too, and another to realize that she was an interpreter, translating his words

　　 into French. For McNeill, that moment of confusion made him realize that gesture and speech are not as separate as they seem.

Gesture researchers have spent the past 40 years uncovering how movements are tied to speech. Regardless of their spoken language or culture,